Measles: A Comprehensive Guide to Symptoms and Prevention

  

Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that affects the respiratory tract and the skin. It can cause serious complications and even death, especially in young children and people with weak immune systems. The best way to prevent measles is to get vaccinated with two doses of the measles vaccine.

In this blog post, we will cover the following topics:

• What are the symptoms of measles and how is it diagnosed?
• How is measles diagnosed?
• What are the causes and risk factors of measles?
• What are the possible complications of measles?
• How is measles treated and managed?
• How can measles be prevented and controlled?

What are the symptoms of measles and how is it diagnosed?

The symptoms of measles usually appear 10 to 14 days after exposure to the virus. The first symptoms include:

• Fever
• Dry cough
• Runny nose
• Red or watery eyes
• Sore throat
• White spots inside the mouth 
• A few days later, a red, blotchy rash appears on the face and then spreads to the rest of the body. The rash lasts for about a week and may be itchy. The fever may also rise as high as 40°C (104°F).

How is measles diagnosed?

Measles is diagnosed by a physical examination of the rash and other symptoms. A blood test may also be done to confirm the infection.

What are the causes and risk factors of measles?

Measles is caused by a virus called rubeola, which belongs to the paramyxovirus family. The virus spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also survive on surfaces for several hours and infect people who touch them.

The risk factors for getting measles include:

• Not being vaccinated or having incomplete vaccination
• Traveling to areas where measles is common or outbreaks are occurring
• Having a weakened immune system due to diseases or medications
• Being pregnant
• Being malnourished or vitamin A deficient

What are the possible complications of measles?

Measles can lead to serious complications, especially in children under 5 years old, adults over 20 years old, pregnant women, and people with weak immune systems. Some of the common complications are:

• Ear infection, which can lead to hearing loss or deafness
• Diarrhea, which can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
• Pneumonia, which is the most common cause of death from measles
• Encephalitis, which is inflammation of the brain that can cause seizures, brain damage, or death
• Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), which is a rare but fatal degenerative brain disorder that can occur years after measles infection

How is measles treated and managed?

There is no specific treatment for measles. The infection usually resolves on its own in two to three weeks. However, some supportive measures can help ease the symptoms and prevent complications. These include:

• Taking acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil) to reduce fever and pain
• Drinking plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration
• Using a humidifier or steam inhalation to relieve cough and sore throat
• Applying calamine lotion or oatmeal baths to soothe the rash
• Avoiding bright light or wearing sunglasses to protect the eyes
• Isolating oneself from others until four days after the rash appears to prevent spreading the virus
• In some cases, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat bacterial infections that may occur as a result of measles. Vitamin A supplements may also be given to children who are at risk of deficiency, as this may reduce the severity and mortality of measles.

How can measles be prevented and controlled?

The best way to prevent measles is to get vaccinated with two doses of the measles vaccine, which is part of the MMR (measles-mumps-rubella) or MMRV (measles-mumps-rubella-varicella) combination vaccine. The first dose is usually given at 12 to 15 months of age, and the second dose at 4 to 6 years of age. However, these schedules may vary depending on your country or region.

• The measles vaccine gives more than 95% protection after two doses. It may cause mild side effects such as fever, rash, or soreness at the injection site, but these are usually mild and short-lived. Serious allergic reactions are very rare.
• If you have not been vaccinated or are not sure about your vaccination status, you should talk to your doctor about getting vaccinated, especially if you are planning to travel to areas where measles is common or outbreaks are occurring. You should also avoid contact with people who have measles or who are not vaccinated.
• If you have been exposed to someone with measles, you may still benefit from getting vaccinated or receiving a dose of immune proteins called immunoglobulin within 72 hours or six days of exposure, respectively. These may help prevent or reduce the severity of the infection.

Measles is a serious and preventable disease that can have life-threatening complications. By getting vaccinated and following the recommended precautions, you can protect yourself and others from this disease.